智慧能源與車網互動的充電問題

發布日期：2022-01-24 作者：轉載于網絡點擊：

一、超快充電問題(ti)

當下，充電(dian)(dian)不如加油快(kuai)。十一長假，很(hen)多用戶抱怨電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)變成了“電(dian)(dian)動(dong)爹”。其實高(gao)功率型動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池是可(ke)以(yi)像加油一樣超快(kuai)充電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)，但其比能量低，無(wu)法滿(man)足長續航要(yao)(yao)求。現在長續航電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)越來越多，裝的(de)(de)都是強調高(gao)比能量的(de)(de)能量型動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池，要(yao)(yao)想(xiang)超快(kuai)充電(dian)(dian)不太容易。

比如350千瓦(wa)超(chao)(chao)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，5分鐘充(chong)(chong)接(jie)近30度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，要解決的(de)問(wen)題有不少：充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)倍(bei)率(lv)太(tai)(tai)大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)受(shou)不了；充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流太(tai)(tai)大，車受(shou)不了；充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)率(lv)太(tai)(tai)大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網受(shou)不了。為此(ci)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)本(ben)身要具備快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)能力(li)，即(ji)比較高(gao)的(de)峰(feng)值充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)倍(bei)率(lv)。車載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣系統的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓要提高(gao)，增加到(dao)800伏以(yi)便在超(chao)(chao)大功(gong)率(lv)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)減(jian)小總充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流。最好(hao)采用儲能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以(yi)達到(dao)350千瓦(wa)的(de)高(gao)功(gong)率(lv)以(yi)減(jian)輕電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網負荷(he)，這(zhe)樣才能便于超(chao)(chao)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

這(zhe)中間最(zui)難的(de)(de)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)動(dong)力電(dian)池本身快充(chong)(chong)(chong)潛力的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)揮。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程最(zui)容易發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)安全事故(gu)，主要(yao)(yao)(yao)原因(yin)是(shi)(shi)快充(chong)(chong)(chong)導致鋰枝晶(jing)造成內短路。為此，除了(le)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)開發(fa)(fa)無析鋰的(de)(de)快充(chong)(chong)(chong)技(ji)術外，還(huan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)選擇超快充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)區間和幅(fu)度(du)，研究(jiu)表明比較合適的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)在電(dian)量(liang)(liang)低到一半以下(xia)，5分(fen)鐘充(chong)(chong)(chong)1/3的(de)(de)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)，而不是(shi)(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)(man)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)(man)會遇到安全、壽命、發(fa)(fa)熱等很多問題(ti)，得不償失。

超快(kuai)充電(dian)應當(dang)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)用在高速公(gong)(gong)路應急補電(dian)。比如現在續航五(wu)六百公(gong)(gong)里(li)的車，5分(fen)鐘(zhong)充1/3電(dian)量就是200公(gong)(gong)里(li)，這是比較科學合(he)理的。此外(wai)，還(huan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)考(kao)(kao)慮全氣候，冬天(tian)要(yao)(yao)(yao)加熱，夏天(tian)要(yao)(yao)(yao)散熱。所以，必須還(huan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)配備快(kuai)速加熱、快(kuai)速冷卻。快(kuai)速加熱現在可以做(zuo)到(dao)每分(fen)鐘(zhong)最高升溫7接近8攝氏度。夏天(tian)還(huan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)加大強制冷卻功率。清華(hua)團隊已(yi)(yi)經開(kai)發出滿足上述(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求的超快(kuai)技術(shu)，與殼牌合(he)作(zuo)在加油站已(yi)(yi)經建設了幾個超快(kuai)充電(dian)示范站進(jin)行試(shi)驗考(kao)(kao)核。中國電(dian)力(li)聯(lian)合(he)會(hui)制定的超級快(kuai)充標準已(yi)(yi)經開(kai)始公(gong)(gong)開(kai)征求意(yi)見。

基于儲能電(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)的超級(ji)快充，其儲能電(dian)(dian)池從(cong)哪兒來(lai)？一(yi)是(shi)直(zhi)接帶儲能的充電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，但成本偏高。二是(shi)跟換(huan)電(dian)(dian)結(jie)合。因為換(huan)電(dian)(dian)本身(shen)有很多電(dian)(dian)池備(bei)用，可以(yi)做(zuo)儲能電(dian)(dian)池。商(shang)用車快速換(huan)電(dian)(dian)趨勢已(yi)經(jing)非常明顯，工信部(bu)已(yi)經(jing)在全國(guo)進行(xing)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)試點(dian)，總的來(lai)看(kan)，目前(qian)高出勤率(lv)、重型載荷(he)、短途運輸(shu)的卡車搞換(huan)電(dian)(dian)是(shi)最火的，比如礦區、建筑工地(di)、鋼鐵廠(chang)、港口等等，這(zhe)是(shi)首先(xian)要進行(xing)的，將來(lai)逐(zhu)步擴(kuo)展到城市和(he)高速公路。

快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)速換(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相結(jie)合(he)，卡車快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)充(chong)(chong)換(huan)(huan)轎車快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)充(chong)(chong)，換(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)備用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)給轎車快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)充(chong)(chong)，將是一個(ge)優勢互補資(zi)源(yuan)共享的(de)(de)解(jie)決方案。而且這種快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)充(chong)(chong)快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)換(huan)(huan)站的(de)(de)使用與原(yuan)先燃油車加油的(de)(de)習(xi)慣和頻率、及位置很接(jie)近。大能源(yuan)企(qi)業(ye)非常(chang)適合(he)在加油站建設快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)充(chong)(chong)、快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)換(huan)(huan)耦合(he)站。同時，快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)換(huan)(huan)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)實施(shi)租賃，能源(yuan)企(qi)業(ye)開電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)銀行(xing)。對大能源(yuan)企(qi)業(ye)來講(jiang)，這也是轉(zhuan)型的(de)(de)一個(ge)非常(chang)好的(de)(de)方向(xiang)。現在的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)會面臨新的(de)(de)競爭(zheng)壓力。

二、慢充與車(che)網(wang)互動(dong)

據統計，目前家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)75%是通過慢充(chong)(chong)獲得。隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)數量(liang)快速增加，慢充(chong)(chong)會(hui)(hui)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)負荷帶來很大壓力(li)(li)。北(bei)京(jing)現(xian)在已經有40萬輛電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)，而且使(shi)用(yong)頻率大大高(gao)于燃油車(che)，每天上下班車(che)流里至(zhi)少有20%是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)，很快就會(hui)(hui)到30%、40%。下班回家都充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統受(shou)不了，深(shen)圳等地已經出現(xian)這個問(wen)題。所以，無序(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時代即將結束，之后(hou)(hou)會(hui)(hui)進入有序(xu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)階(jie)段，有后(hou)(hou)臺(tai)來管理充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)機制把充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)調整到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)負荷低(di)谷(gu)區間。現(xian)在深(shen)圳已經開(kai)始做示范。

管理充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)信息網(wang)會(hui)智能(neng)(neng)調度(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)，能(neng)(neng)源互聯網(wang)的(de)雛形就出(chu)(chu)現了(le)，這是一件大事。有(you)序充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)還(huan)是單向(xiang)的(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)流動，控制什么時候(hou)充(chong)。再進一步(bu)發(fa)展就是雙向(xiang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池會(hui)既充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)又放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。比(bi)如，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)與建筑或者房屋連接構成一個能(neng)(neng)源系統，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)作為(wei)(wei)儲能(neng)(neng)裝置(zhi)可以給(gei)建筑供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。隨著向(xiang)可再生能(neng)(neng)源轉型(xing)，風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波動大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)多的(de)時候(hou)先儲儲存一部(bu)分(fen)，沒電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)時候(hou)再放(fang)出(chu)(chu)，儲能(neng)(neng)的(de)作用會(hui)很大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價差也(ye)會(hui)越來越大，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)作為(wei)(wei)儲能(neng)(neng)裝置(zhi)的(de)價值就會(hui)發(fa)揮出(chu)(chu)來。

若2025年電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的電池容量超過20億千瓦時(shi)，2040年有3億輛電動(dong)車(che)，一(yi)輛車(che)平均65度電，就是差不(bu)多(duo)200億度電，這是我(wo)國今天全社會一(yi)天消費的總電量。這一(yi)巨大儲能系統將產生巨大的碳減排潛力(li)，初步計(ji)算可以(yi)高達(da)10~20億噸(dun)，數量十分驚人，還需要(yao)碳排放計(ji)算專家的確認。

總之(zhi)，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車儲(chu)能的(de)潛力(li)極大，會是一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)巨大的(de)藍海市(shi)場。現在，各級政府都(dou)在面向雙碳(tan)目(mu)標進行碳(tan)減排。其(qi)中最重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)途徑之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)就(jiu)是基于電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車的(de)智(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)能源(yuan)，包括光伏、動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)池、充放電(dian)(dian)裝置、家用電(dian)(dian)器連成網(wang)(wang)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)小區(qu)(qu)、一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)單(dan)位(wei)、一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)社區(qu)(qu)可以形(xing)成一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)個(ge)微電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)行政區(qu)(qu)有許多(duo)微電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)聯起來變成區(qu)(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)。最后形(xing)成整(zheng)個(ge)城市(shi)的(de) 智(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)能源(yuan)，成為綠色(se)智(zhi)慧(hui)(hui)城市(shi)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)組(zu)成部分。

電動汽車是分散、移動、隨機使用的、充電裝置也不是到處都有，這種理想的結果如何實現？首先，慢充設施要大普及。慢充今后的規劃是每輛車至少有一個充電樁，最好有兩個，工作單位和家里各一個。最終理想的狀態是車停下來就接入電網，才能形成儲能和電網互動功能的實現。

以(yi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車為核心的電(dian)(dian)池儲能和(he)光、儲、充一(yi)體化(hua)的智(zhi)慧能源系統很快就會(hui)在全國(guo)逐(zhu)步(bu)展(zhan)開。估計在2025年之前(qian)主要是(shi)有(you)(you)序充電(dian)(dian)，2025年到2030年會(hui)發展(zhan)出跟建筑和(he)微網互動。2030年之后會(hui)與配電(dian)(dian)網互動。從(cong)系統分級(ji)看，底層(ceng)是(shi)充放電(dian)(dian)硬(ying)件設施，中層(ceng)是(shi)大量(liang)的電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車儲能和(he)微網聚合(he)商，上層(ceng)是(shi)政府介入(ru)的調度管理平臺，有(you)(you)區級(ji)、城市級(ji)，省級(ji)和(he)國(guo)家級(ji)的國(guo)家電(dian)(dian)網總調度。

以(yi)可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)為主體的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統特(te)征(zheng)將(jiang)會是分布式、市(shi)(shi)(shi)場化為主。國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)改革(ge)基本政策(ce)是兩頭放開，管住中間，即只(zhi)管電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網，把用戶端和發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)端放開，建(jian)設全國(guo)統一(yi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也會是一(yi)個市(shi)(shi)(shi)場，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)跟股(gu)票的(de)買入和賣(mai)出一(yi)樣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價低(di)就(jiu)充，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價高就(jiu)賣(mai)。通(tong)過經濟激(ji)勵手段(duan)實現對波動(dong)(dong)性風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)光伏(fu)等可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)自動(dong)(dong)調節與(yu)平(ping)衡，這是未來綠色(se)智能(neng)城市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)美好愿景。

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