一、市場和政策共同驅動充電樁產業發展
1.1、汽車(che)產業的電動化浪(lang)潮已然(ran)來臨
電動汽(qi)車(che)(che)發展步入高(gao)速(su)增(zeng)長(chang)階段。EVTank數據顯示(shi)，2021年(nian)(nian)，全球(qiu)新能源汽(qi)車(che)(che)銷量達到(dao)670萬(wan)輛，同比大幅度增(zeng)長(chang)102.4%，全球(qiu)汽(qi)車(che)(che)電動化(hua)滲透率(lv)(lv)也由2015年(nian)(nian)0.8%增(zeng)長(chang)到(dao)2021年(nian)(nian)的7.74%，預(yu)計(ji)(ji)2022年(nian)(nian)、2025年(nian)(nian)全球(qiu)新能源汽(qi)車(che)(che)銷量將(jiang)分別超(chao)過(guo)850萬(wan)輛、2200萬(wan)輛。乘聯會(hui)數據顯示(shi)，9月新能源汽(qi)車(che)(che)零售(shou)滲透率(lv)(lv)達到(dao)31.8％，預(yu)計(ji)(ji)2022年(nian)(nian)、2025年(nian)(nian)我國新能源汽(qi)車(che)(che)銷量將(jiang)超(chao)過(guo)600萬(wan)輛、1000萬(wan)輛。截止2022年(nian)9月底，新能源汽(qi)車保有量達1149萬輛(liang)，前三(san)季度新注冊(ce)登記(ji)371.3萬輛(liang)。2022年(nian)前三(san)季度，全國新注冊(ce)登記(ji)新能源汽(qi)車371.3萬輛(liang)，同比增加184.2萬輛(liang)，增長98.48%。預計到2025年(nian)國內新能源汽(qi)車保有量將(jiang)達到4000萬輛(liang)，保有量占比將(jiang)達到10%。
1.2、政策推動，充電樁(zhuang)被納入新(xin)基建
近年(nian)來，在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)行(xing)業快(kuai)速(su)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)同時，仍然存在(zai)居住社區(qu)建(jian)樁(zhuang)難、公共充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)(she)施發(fa)展(zhan)不均衡、用(yong)戶(hu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)體驗有待提升等(deng)突出(chu)問(wen)題。在(zai)這一(yi)(yi)(yi)背景下，國(guo)(guo)家陸續出(chu)臺了相(xiang)關(guan)政(zheng)策支持充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)相(xiang)關(guan)技(ji)術、模(mo)式和(he)機(ji)制創新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)，在(zai)解決新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)發(fa)展(zhan)問(wen)題的(de)同時，構建(jian)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)型電(dian)力(li)系統，完(wan)善(shan)相(xiang)關(guan)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)施，助力(li)“雙碳”目標實現。2020年(nian)5月國(guo)(guo)務院(yuan)發(fa)布《2020年(nian)政(zheng)府工作(zuo)(zuo)報告》，首次提出(chu)“新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)基(ji)建(jian)”（新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)型基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)施建(jian)設(she)(she)）概(gai)念，將(jiang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)施作(zuo)(zuo)為七(qi)大基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)施之一(yi)(yi)(yi)，納入“新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)基(ji)建(jian)”。2021年(nian)中(zhong)央經濟(ji)工作(zuo)(zuo)會議指出(chu)，當前經濟(ji)面臨需(xu)求收(shou)縮、供(gong)給(gei)沖擊、預期轉弱三重壓力(li)，應堅持穩(wen)字(zi)當頭，強化政(zheng)策發(fa)力(li)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)作(zuo)(zuo)為新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)基(ji)建(jian)組成(cheng)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)，在(zai)穩(wen)增長主(zhu)線下，建(jian)設(she)(she)節奏或將(jiang)加速(su)。2022年(nian)1月，國(guo)(guo)家發(fa)展(zhan)改(gai)革委、國(guo)(guo)家能(neng)源(yuan)局(ju)等(deng)出(chu)臺《國(guo)(guo)家發(fa)展(zhan)改(gai)革委等(deng)部(bu)門關(guan)于進一(yi)(yi)(yi)步提升電(dian)動汽(qi)車充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)施服務保障能(neng)力(li)的(de)實施意見》（發(fa)改(gai)能(neng)源(yuan)規〔2022〕53號），提出(chu)到“十四(si)五(wu)”末，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)動汽(qi)車充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)保障能(neng)力(li)進一(yi)(yi)(yi)步提升，形成(cheng)適度超(chao)前、布局(ju)均衡、智能(neng)高效的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)施體系，能(neng)夠(gou)滿足超(chao)過2,000萬輛電(dian)動汽(qi)車充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)需(xu)求。多(duo)項政(zheng)策落(luo)地，使(shi)得(de)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)行(xing)業的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)方向和(he)發(fa)展(zhan)目標逐漸清晰，為行(xing)業發(fa)展(zhan)提供(gong)有益土(tu)壤。政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)(tie)從補(bu)車(che)(che)轉(zhuan)向(xiang)補(bu)樁，從建設補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)(tie)拓展到運(yun)營(ying)(ying)補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)(tie)2016年財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)部(bu)等(deng)五部(bu)門出(chu)臺(tai)《關(guan)于(yu)“十三五”新(xin)能(neng)源汽(qi)車(che)(che)充電基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)設施(shi)獎(jiang)勵政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策及(ji)加強新(xin)能(neng)源汽(qi)車(che)(che)推廣應用的通知(zhi)》，已對充電基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)設施(shi)建設、運(yun)營(ying)(ying)給(gei)予財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)獎(jiang)補(bu)。2022年國家(jia)發(fa)展改革委(wei)等(deng)部(bu)門《關(guan)于(yu)進一(yi)(yi)步提(ti)升(sheng)電動汽(qi)車(che)(che)充電基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)設施(shi)服務(wu)保障(zhang)能(neng)力的實施(shi)意見》明(ming)確提(ti)出(chu)加大財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)金融(rong)支(zhi)持力度，一(yi)(yi)是優(you)化(hua)優(you)化(hua)財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)支(zhi)持政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策，二是提(ti)高金融(rong)服務(wu)能(neng)力。此(ci)外(wai)各地方政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府已明(ming)確出(chu)臺(tai)充電樁建設補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)(tie)、充電運(yun)營(ying)(ying)補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)(tie)相關(guan)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策。可以發(fa)現(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府財(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)(tie)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策向(xiang)供(gong)給(gei)側傾斜，呈現(xian)出(chu)從“新(xin)能(neng)源汽(qi)車(che)(che)補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)(tie)”到“充電設施(shi)建設補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)(tie)”再(zai)逐漸轉(zhuan)變為“充電設施(shi)建設補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)(tie)+充電設施(shi)運(yun)營(ying)(ying)補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)(tie)”。1.3、充電(dian)標準(zhun)制定積極推進目(mu)前國際(ji)上主要有五個充電樁(zhuang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，分(fen)別是：中國國標(biao)GB/T、CCS1美標(biao)（combo/Type1）、CCS2歐標(biao)（combo/Type 2）、日本標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)CHAdeMO，同時(shi)特斯(si)拉擁有自己獨立的一(yi)套充電接(jie)口標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。
全球(qiu)(qiu)范(fan)圍內使用(yong)(yong)(yong)較為(wei)廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)包括(kuo)CCS 和(he)(he)CHAdeMo 兩種標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，支持車(che)型(xing)較多。其中，CCS充(chong)(chong)電模式將交流(liu)(liu)和(he)(he)直流(liu)(liu)接口(kou)合(he)二為(wei)一(yi)，減少(shao)了(le)接口(kou)數(shu)量(liang)，降低了(le)充(chong)(chong)電器(qi)和(he)(he)車(che)身零部件的(de)(de)制(zhi)造成本(ben)，得到各大(da)歐美車(che)企的(de)(de)推動，具有較大(da)市場潛力。全球(qiu)(qiu)范(fan)圍內采用(yong)(yong)(yong)國標(biao)GB/T 20234標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電設施(shi)數(shu)量(liang)最多。現階段出口(kou)到中國的(de)(de)特斯(si)拉(la)車(che)型(xing)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)GB/T20234的(de)(de)交流(liu)(liu)和(he)(he)直流(liu)(liu)充(chong)(chong)電接口(kou)，出口(kou)到歐洲的(de)(de)特斯(si)拉(la)車(che)型(xing)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)CCS Combo 2接口(kou)，均可使用(yong)(yong)(yong)符合(he)本(ben)地接口(kou)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電樁。
標(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異既造成了后(hou)續全(quan)球充(chong)電(dian)接口不(bu)統一、通信協議不(bu)兼容的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現狀，也引出(chu)了目前迫切(qie)融合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求。作(zuo)為國(guo)際電(dian)動汽車(che)技術和(he)產業(ye)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要推動力量，中國(guo)應積(ji)極參與國(guo)際標(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制定(ding)，引導全(quan)球充(chong)電(dian)標(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協調和(he)統一，并在未來大功率充(chong)電(dian)、無線(xian)充(chong)電(dian)、V2G等新型充(chong)電(dian)標(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制定(ding)中，發(fa)揮更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。目前國內正在(zai)(zai)編制修訂的(de)兩套充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)標準(zhun)：一個是2015充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)國標升級(ji)版，一個ChaoJi充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)標準(zhun)。目前的(de)直流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)普遍存在(zai)(zai)的(de)共性問(wen)題(ti)(ti)是：尺寸過大；機械(xie)強度不夠(gou)；沒有(you)考慮向(xiang)后兼容等(deng)(deng)。這些問(wen)題(ti)(ti)在(zai)(zai)2015充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)國標升級(ji)版和“Chaoji”技術標準(zhun)中得到了(le)(le)(le)改(gai)(gai)善設(she)計：2015充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)國標升級(ji)版改(gai)(gai)進了(le)(le)(le)很多過去存在(zai)(zai)的(de)遺留問(wen)題(ti)(ti)，對公差尺寸做了(le)(le)(le)嚴格要(yao)求(qiu)、增加了(le)(le)(le)鎖止裝置結(jie)構(gou)、車(che)端增加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)鎖、提(ti)高(gao)額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓至(zhi)1500V，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流在(zai)(zai)主動冷(leng)卻下最高(gao)提(ti)升至(zhi)800A，增加車(che)樁(zhuang)的(de)物理開關，解決(jue)PE斷(duan)針問(wen)題(ti)(ti)，可(ke)(ke)實現(xian)遠程喚醒等(deng)(deng)，還刪除(chu)了(le)(le)(le)車(che)輛密封圈的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，排(pai)水(shui)口(kou)由可(ke)(ke)選變(bian)為必選等(deng)(deng)修改(gai)(gai)。但由于還處在(zai)(zai)征求(qiu)意見當中，在(zai)(zai)發(fa)布之前可(ke)(ke)能還會有(you)略微調整(zheng)。ChaoJi標準(zhun)在(zai)(zai)2015國標的(de)基礎(chu)上，吸(xi)取了(le)(le)(le)全球四大主流接口(kou)的(de)經驗(yan)，在(zai)(zai)結(jie)構(gou)設(she)計、機械(xie)強度、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)安全性、兼容性、大功率(lv)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、后續新功能擴展能力等(deng)(deng)方面都要(yao)優于2015國標。另外，ChaoJi標準(zhun)接口(kou)通過轉接頭以及(ji)專門設(she)計的(de)導引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)等(deng)(deng)系(xi)統(tong)控制策略，可(ke)(ke)以兼容適配GB/T2015、日本CHAdeMO、美國CCS1、歐洲CCS2四大充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)。二、充電樁產業鏈(lian)分析
2.1、充電樁產業鏈
汽車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)產業(ye)鏈(lian)上游(you)(you)為建(jian)設(she)及運(yun)營(ying)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)所需要的元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)和(he)設(she)備生(sheng)產商(shang)(shang)；中(zhong)游(you)(you)為充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)運(yun)營(ying)商(shang)(shang)；產業(ye)鏈(lian)下游(you)(you)各(ge)類充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場景參與者為各(ge)類電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)用戶，包括新能源汽車(che)整(zheng)車(che)企(qi)業(ye)和(he)個人(ren)消費。其中(zhong)設(she)備零部件(jian)生(sheng)產商(shang)(shang)（裝備端(duan)）和(he)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)運(yun)營(ying)商(shang)(shang)（運(yun)營(ying)端(duan)）是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)產業(ye)鏈(lian)最(zui)主要的環節(jie)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)廠商(shang)(shang)眾(zhong)多，格局分(fen)散，企(qi)業(ye)之間充(chong)分(fen)競爭(zheng)。部分(fen)中(zhong)游(you)(you)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)運(yun)營(ying)商(shang)(shang)企(qi)業(ye)開始整(zheng)合產業(ye)鏈(lian)，開拓(tuo)上游(you)(you)業(ye)務，自產充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備再進(jin)行(xing)后續運(yun)營(ying)，如中(zhong)游(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)龍頭特(te)銳德。2020年充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)納入國(guo)家“新基建(jian)”之一，為上游(you)(you)行(xing)業(ye)注入一定活水，部分(fen)上游(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)開始布局充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)業(ye)務，如許繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣開始研(yan)發充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)整(zheng)機(ji)產品。
2.2、充電樁設備端
充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁的(de)分(fen)類方法多種(zhong)多樣，按照不(bu)同的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)技術(shu)分(fen)類，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁可分(fen)為(wei)直(zhi)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，交流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，無線充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)等，當前主流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)式為(wei)交流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)和(he)直(zhi)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。交流充電樁是固定安裝在電動汽車外與電網連接，為電動汽車車載充電機（即固定安裝在電動汽車上的充電機）提供交流電源的供電裝置。交流充電樁只提供電力輸出，沒有充電功能，需連接車載充電機為電動汽車充電。相當于只是起了一個控制電源的作用的。交流充電的特點為充電功率小、充電時間長，但充電設備成本低。交(jiao)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)結構(gou)簡單，主(zhu)要有(you)控(kong)制主(zhu)板(ban)、電(dian)(dian)能輸(shu)(shu)入輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)回路、充電(dian)(dian)連(lian)接器、人機(ji)交(jiao)互單元等部件組成。最核心的是主(zhu)板(ban)，主(zhu)板(ban)占成本(ben)接近30%，其次(ci)為(wei)槍線及殼(ke)體，成本(ben)占比(bi)也(ye)分(fen)別為(wei)30%左右。以盛弘股份7KW交(jiao)流(liu)樁(zhuang)為(wei)例，其輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)AC220V±20%，額(e)定輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)AC220V，額(e)定輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)功率(lv)為(wei)7KW，額(e)定輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)32A，主(zhu)板(ban)除了計量電(dian)(dian)能還提供輸(shu)(shu)入過欠壓(ya)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、輸(shu)(shu)入過電(dian)(dian)流(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、防(fang)浪(lang)涌保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)短路保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、過溫保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、防(fang)反灌保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、電(dian)(dian)池主(zhu)動保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、緊急(ji)停機(ji)等保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)功能。市場(chang)格(ge)局方面，目前以家庭(ting)私(si)(si)有樁為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)的交(jiao)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁主(zhu)要(yao)玩家為(wei)(wei)摯(zhi)達科(ke)技、星星充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)、科(ke)大智能、循道等企業。根(gen)(gen)據中國(guo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)產業聯盟的統計(ji)數據，到2021年底，全(quan)國(guo)私(si)(si)人(ren)(ren)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁145萬根(gen)(gen)，根(gen)(gen)據摯(zhi)達科(ke)技2021年公布數據，其(qi)私(si)(si)人(ren)(ren)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁出貨35萬根(gen)(gen)，數量(liang)占有率24%，全(quan)國(guo)第一(yi)；全(quan)國(guo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)服(fu)務覆蓋最廣的家庭(ting)/社(she)區充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)服(fu)務提供商，服(fu)務城市超過350個(ge)。直(zhi)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)基本構成包括：功(gong)率單(dan)(dan)(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、控制單(dan)(dan)(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、計(ji)量(liang)單(dan)(dan)(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)接口、供電(dian)(dian)(dian)接口及人機交(jiao)互界(jie)面等。功(gong)率單(dan)(dan)(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是指直(zhi)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)，控制單(dan)(dan)(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是指充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)控制器(qi)。除以(yi)上核(he)心(xin)部件(jian)(jian)(jian)外(wai)，一個直(zhi)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)還(huan)有其他的(de)一些重要(yao)小部件(jian)(jian)(jian)，如鈑金件(jian)(jian)(jian)、熔斷器(qi)、繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)和防雷裝置等。直(zhi)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)本身作為一種系統(tong)集(ji)成產品(pin)，除了(le)“直(zhi)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)”和“充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)控制器(qi)”這兩個組件(jian)(jian)(jian)構成了(le)技術核(he)心(xin)之外(wai)，結構設(she)(she)計(ji)也是整樁(zhuang)(zhuang)可靠性設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)關鍵點之一。
直流(liu)充(chong)電樁輸入電壓(ya)為(wei)380V，功率通常(chang)在60KW以上，充(chong)滿電狀態僅需要(yao)20－150分鐘(zhong)。直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁適合(he)對充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)要求較高的場景(jing)，如出租(zu)車(che)、公交車(che)、物流(liu)車(che)等運(yun)營車(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站，以及乘用車(che)公共充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁。單個(ge)的充電模塊（一般(ban)為(wei)15kW，最新技術能做(zuo)到40KW）不能滿足功率(lv)要求，需要多個充電(dian)(dian)模塊并(bing)聯在一起工(gong)作，需要有CAN總線來實現(xian)多個模塊的均流(liu)，實現(xian)大(da)功率(lv)大(da)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)。盛弘股(gu)份(fen)直流(liu)一體機充電功率能做到(dao)240KW，輸(shu)出(chu)電壓(ya)范圍在200V-750V，輸(shu)出(chu)電流(liu)最大能到(dao)720A。
交(jiao)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)需要借(jie)助車(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機來充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)不需要這個設備。二者在(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度上(shang)差別較(jiao)大，一輛純(chun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)（普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量）完(wan)全(quan)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)后通過交(jiao)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)需要8個小(xiao)時，而通過直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)僅需要20到150分(fen)鐘。交(jiao)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機提(ti)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)輸(shu)入(ru)，由于車(che)(che)載充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)功率(lv)并不大，所以不能實現(xian)快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流快速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)是固定安裝在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)外、與交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)連(lian)接(jie)，可以為(wei)非車(che)(che)載電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)的(de)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池提(ti)供直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)，直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)可以提(ti)供足夠的(de)功率(lv)，輸(shu)出(chu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)(dian)流調整范圍大，可以實現(xian)快充(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)要求。充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)的(de)性能不(bu)僅直接影響(xiang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁整(zheng)體性能，也關(guan)聯著(zhu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)安全問題。同時，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)占整(zheng)個充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁整(zheng)機(ji)成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)一(yi)半以上，也是(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁的(de)關(guan)鍵技術核(he)心之一(yi)。隨著(zhu)近年來電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容(rong)(rong)量的(de)提升(sheng)(sheng)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)倍率(lv)的(de)提升(sheng)(sheng)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)市場發(fa)展趨勢逐(zhu)漸向大(da)(da)功率(lv)發(fa)展。目前，我國(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)已(yi)歷經三代(dai)(dai)發(fa)展，從第一(yi)代(dai)(dai)7.5kW到第二代(dai)(dai)15/20kW，現在正(zheng)處于第二代(dai)(dai)到第三代(dai)(dai)30/40kW的(de)轉(zhuan)換期(qi)，國(guo)內廠(chang)商英飛(fei)源、永聯、優(you)優(you)綠能和電(dian)(dian)(dian)王快充(chong)(chong)(chong)等(deng)企業(ye)已(yi)具備批量生產使用40kW充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)能力，大(da)(da)功率(lv)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)已(yi)然成(cheng)為市場主流。當前國(guo)內市場，20kW模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)占據市場容(rong)(rong)量比例(li)約為60%左右，其余容(rong)(rong)量大(da)(da)比例(li)由(you)30kW占據，及(ji)部分40kW模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)(kuai)。目前市(shi)場上充(chong)電模塊主(zhu)流的PFC拓撲方式：三相三線制三電平VIENNA，英(ying)可瑞，英(ying)飛源，艾默(mo)生，麥格米特，盛弘，通合等(deng)均(jun)采用此拓撲結構。
目前市場(chang)上主(zhu)流(liu)充電模塊廠(chang)家(jia)為深圳(zhen)的英可瑞、華為、英飛(fei)源(yuan)、深圳(zhen)維諦技術（艾默生(sheng)）、優優綠(lv)能、盛弘、科士達(da)、中恒電氣、通合電子、奧(ao)特迅，英耐杰等。
IGBT功率(lv)開(kai)關(guan)是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊的(de)關(guan)鍵組成部分，是在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中(zhong)起著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力轉換(huan)與傳輸作(zuo)用的(de)核(he)心器件(jian)，占(zhan)據充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)塊成本(ben)的(de)20%以(yi)上，目前對IGBT的(de)進(jin)口依賴(lai)度(du)較高(gao)。中(zhong)國本(ben)土IGBT模(mo)塊生產龍頭僅(jin)有斯(si)達半導一家，而(er)IGBT器件(jian)本(ben)土廠商有士蘭微、新(xin)潔(jie)能、比亞(ya)迪、中(zhong)車(che)時代等(deng)，國內IGBT產業集中(zhong)度(du)較高(gao)。充電樁建設的主要成本是充電樁硬件設備的成本，占比90%以上。其中充電模塊是充電樁的核心設備和主要成本來源，占新能源汽車充電樁硬件成本的45%-55%。充(chong)電(dian)設備(bei)端的技術門檻(jian)相對較低，產(chan)品標準化(hua)程度較高(gao)，供(gong)應商數量多，因此市場競(jing)爭較充(chong)分(fen)。由于設備(bei)門檻(jian)低，充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)整機制造(zao)(zao)商與元器件(jian)生產(chan)商、中(zhong)下游的建造(zao)(zao)運營商有部(bu)分(fen)重合。比如(ru)特銳德(de)雖(sui)主要負(fu)責充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)的運營，但也(ye)進行充(chong)電(dian)設備(bei)元器件(jian)的生產(chan)，普天新(xin)能源和特斯拉的業務(wu)也(ye)兼顧了充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)的整機制造(zao)(zao)和運營。
2.3、充電樁(zhuang)運營(ying)端
目前主(zhu)流商(shang)(shang)業(ye)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)包(bao)括運(yun)(yun)營(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)主(zhu)導(dao)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)、車(che)企主(zhu)導(dao)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)、第(di)(di)三(san)方充電(dian)(dian)(dian)服(fu)(fu)務平(ping)臺(tai)主(zhu)導(dao)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)三(san)種(zhong)。運(yun)(yun)營(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)主(zhu)導(dao)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)為現階段市(shi)場主(zhu)要(yao)運(yun)(yun)營(ying)(ying)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)，但該模(mo)(mo)式(shi)收入來源較(jiao)(jiao)為單一，當前由少量頭部運(yun)(yun)營(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)主(zhu)導(dao)這一模(mo)(mo)式(shi)下的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)市(shi)場。車(che)企主(zhu)導(dao)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)適用于(yu)較(jiao)(jiao)為成(cheng)熟的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)企業(ye)當中(zhong)，用于(yu)給車(che)主(zhu)提供(gong)更優質的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)體(ti)驗，該種(zhong)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)對資(zi)金和用戶數量有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)高要(yao)求，主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)車(che)企自建(jian)(jian)樁(zhuang)與合(he)作建(jian)(jian)樁(zhuang)兩種(zhong)建(jian)(jian)設方案。在第(di)(di)三(san)方充電(dian)(dian)(dian)服(fu)(fu)務平(ping)臺(tai)主(zhu)導(dao)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)下，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)臺(tai)一般不(bu)直接參與充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)的(de)投(tou)資(zi)建(jian)(jian)設，通過自身資(zi)源整合(he)能(neng)力將各大運(yun)(yun)營(ying)(ying)商(shang)(shang)的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)接入自家(jia)SaaS平(ping)臺(tai)，以(yi)智能(neng)管(guan)理為依托提供(gong)商(shang)(shang)業(ye)價(jia)值，多為輕資(zi)產(chan)運(yun)(yun)營(ying)(ying)。目前充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁運營(ying)商(shang)的盈(ying)(ying)利主要來源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)費(fei)(fei)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力差(cha)價和增(zeng)值服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)，其中收取充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)和服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)費(fei)(fei)是大部(bu)分運營(ying)商(shang)的最基本(ben)盈(ying)(ying)利方式(shi)，但由(you)于(yu)(yu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁前期投(tou)入成本(ben)高(gao)、投(tou)資(zi)回收期長(chang)、充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁使用(yong)效(xiao)率低(di)，所以(yi)市面上的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁運營(ying)企(qi)業大部(bu)分處(chu)于(yu)(yu)虧(kui)損狀態。增(zeng)值服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)包括利用(yong)廣告等(deng)方式(shi)開展充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁保險服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)，提(ti)供(gong)交通工具租賃(lin)、維修等(deng)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)，但盈(ying)(ying)利程度一般(ban)。因此充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁運營(ying)商(shang)開始(shi)尋求充電(dian)(dian)(dian)業務(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)外的盈(ying)(ying)利方式(shi)，拓展其他增(zeng)值服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)增(zeng)加客戶(hu)黏性和提(ti)高(gao)單客戶(hu)價值量。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站投(tou)資(zi)方面，具備一定規模的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站，投(tou)資(zi)包(bao)含四個模塊，即(ji)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站監控系統(tong)(tong)(tong)及基建(jian)(jian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)。假設(she)(she)(she)整個充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站有1000KW的容量(liang)，按照充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站單樁建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)成(cheng)本1.1元/W計算，加上變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)施、鋪設(she)(she)(she)專用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜以及新建(jian)(jian)監控系統(tong)(tong)(tong)等(暫且不(bu)包(bao)括建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)用地成(cheng)本)，一個充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的成(cheng)本超(chao)過100萬(wan)元人民幣。目前公(gong)交專用充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站投(tou)資(zi)回報(bao)周(zhou)期(qi)較短，在3年左右，公(gong)共(gong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站投(tou)資(zi)回報(bao)周(zhou)期(qi)在3-5年。從充電(dian)站(zhan)成本結構來看，充電(dian)站(zhan)占比(bi)超過50%。據統計，充電(dian)站(zhan)成本大頭(tou)主要是充電(dian)樁51.22%、變(bian)壓器(qi)9.76%、APF有源濾波7.32%、無功補償7.32%，四(si)個組件(jian)共占比(bi)75.62%，其余(yu)組件(jian)成本占比(bi)均在5%以下。從(cong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁保有格局來看，我國(guo)(guo)私人(ren)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁數量(liang)略多于公共充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁。據中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)基礎設施(shi)促(cu)進聯盟統計(ji)，截至2022年9月，聯盟內成員單位(wei)總(zong)計(ji)上報公共類充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁保有量(liang)163.6萬臺，占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)(bi)36%；私有樁保有量(liang)285.2萬臺，占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)(bi)64%。對公共充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁來說，直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁和交(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁兩(liang)大類型占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)(bi)結構較(jiao)為(wei)穩定(ding)。其中(zhong)交(jiao)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁93.1萬臺，直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁70.4萬臺，占(zhan)(zhan)比(bi)(bi)分別為(wei)68.2%和31.8%。公共(gong)充電(dian)樁運(yun)(yun)營(ying)商集(ji)中度較高。截止(zhi)到2022年9月(yue)，全國(guo)充電(dian)運(yun)(yun)營(ying)企業所運(yun)(yun)營(ying)充電(dian)樁數量TOP15占(zhan)總量的92.9%，其中特來電(dian)市場(chang)份(fen)額(e)19.32%，星(xing)星(xing)充電(dian)市場(chang)份(fen)額(e)19.06%，云快充市場(chang)份(fen)額(e)13.32%，TOP3市場(chang)份(fen)額(e)合計51.7%，頭部聚集(ji)效應明顯。在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)方面，2022年1-9月，全國公(gong)共類充(chong)電(dian)(dian)設施充(chong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)達(da)151.3億(yi)度(du)，其中特來(lai)電(dian)(dian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)43.2億(yi)度(du)，市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)份(fen)額29%，星(xing)星(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)32.4億(yi)度(du)，市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)份(fen)額21%，云快(kuai)充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)15.9億(yi)度(du)，市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)份(fen)額10%，TOP3市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)份(fen)額合計60%。
三、充電樁(zhuang)市場(chang)空間
3.1、充電樁保(bao)有量(liang)快速(su)提(ti)升(sheng)隨著(zhu)我國(guo)新(xin)能源(yuan)汽車行業(ye)高速(su)發展，電動汽車銷售量(liang)與保(bao)有(you)量(liang)迅速(su)增長，充(chong)電需(xu)求快速(su)增長，同(tong)時充(chong)電樁(zhuang)產業(ye)支撐政(zheng)策不斷推出，政(zheng)府補(bu)(bu)貼從補(bu)(bu)車轉向補(bu)(bu)樁(zhuang)，從建設(she)補(bu)(bu)貼拓展到運營補(bu)(bu)貼，推動新(xin)能源(yuan)充(chong)電樁(zhuang)行業(ye)加速(su)發展。截(jie)止到2022年(nian)(nian)9月底，我國(guo)充(chong)電樁(zhuang)保(bao)有(you)量(liang)已從2015年(nian)(nian)的6.6萬(wan)臺上(shang)漲到448.8萬(wan)臺，8年(nian)(nian)來擴張了68倍(bei)。其中(zhong)，公(gong)共充(chong)電樁(zhuang)保(bao)有(you)量(liang)已達163.6萬(wan)臺，占比36%，私(si)(si)人(ren)(ren)充(chong)電樁(zhuang)保(bao)有(you)量(liang)上(shang)升至(zhi)285.2萬(wan)臺，占比64%，私(si)(si)人(ren)(ren)充(chong)電樁(zhuang)保(bao)持更快增長。在區域分(fen)布看，目前(qian)我國(guo)公(gong)共充(chong)電基礎設(she)施主要集中(zhong)在廣東、江蘇、上(shang)海、浙江、北京(jing)等(deng)東部沿海地區。3.2、充(chong)電樁建設市(shi)場(chang)規模(mo)根據國(guo)家(jia)有關規劃和預(yu)測，到2025年(nian)，全國(guo)新能源汽車新車保有量將(jiang)(jiang)超(chao)過4000萬(wan)輛。政策要求適度超(chao)前建設充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)，充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)建設支持力度將(jiang)(jiang)提(ti)升，參(can)考歷(li)年(nian)車樁(zhuang)(zhuang)比值，我們預(yu)計2022-2025年(nian)車樁(zhuang)(zhuang)比將(jiang)(jiang)由3:1左(zuo)右提(ti)升至(zhi)2.5:1，預(yu)計到2025年(nian)充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)保有量將(jiang)(jiang)達到1654萬(wan)臺(tai)(tai)（包(bao)含公(gong)共樁(zhuang)(zhuang)及私人樁(zhuang)(zhuang)），其(qi)中公(gong)共樁(zhuang)(zhuang)保有量將(jiang)(jiang)達到661.44萬(wan)臺(tai)(tai)，私人樁(zhuang)(zhuang)保有量將(jiang)(jiang)達到992萬(wan)臺(tai)(tai)。根據中國(guo)充電(dian)(dian)聯盟公(gong)布數(shu)據，直流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)普遍充電(dian)(dian)功率≥60kW。依照當前直流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)模塊單價(jia)0.37元/W，根據2015年(nian)至(zhi)2021年(nian)直流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)模塊價(jia)格走勢，擬合出(chu)2023年(nian)至(zhi)2025年(nian)間每(mei)瓦價(jia)格均價(jia)大約在0.35元/W，2025年(nian)至(zhi)2030年(nian)間每(mei)瓦價(jia)格均價(jia)大約在0.30元/W。
直流(liu)充(chong)電樁(zhuang)（以60kW為例）設(she)備單價(jia)為4.4萬(wan)元，根據直流(liu)充(chong)電模塊價(jia)格走勢(shi)，預計(ji)，2023-2025年(nian)，60kW直流(liu)充(chong)電樁(zhuang)設(she)備單價(jia)將(jiang)降到為4.2萬(wan)元；交(jiao)流充電(dian)樁(zhuang)，其設(she)(she)備(bei)單價(jia)為在(zai)1000-3000元(yuan)之間，其中車廠隨車配送充電(dian)樁(zhuang)單價(jia)較低在(zai)1000元(yuan)左右，設(she)(she)備(bei)廠商(shang)2C銷(xiao)售的交(jiao)流樁(zhuang)單價(jia)較高在(zai)2000-3000元(yuan)之間，私人交(jiao)流充電(dian)樁(zhuang)平(ping)均(jun)單價(jia)取1500元(yuan)，公共(gong)交(jiao)流樁(zhuang)平(ping)均(jun)單價(jia)3000元(yuan)。根據車樁(zhuang)增量以(yi)及充電樁(zhuang)單價測算，預計2023年至2025年之間(jian)，公用充電樁(zhuang)市(shi)場空間(jian)為1536.3億(yi)元，私用充電樁(zhuang)市(shi)場空間(jian)為126.7億(yi)元。
3.3、充(chong)電運營(ying)市場規模持續擴(kuo)大假(jia)(jia)設未來電動(dong)車百公里電耗平(ping)均值為(wei)(wei)12kwh，平(ping)均每輛車每年(nian)行駛(shi)1.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)公里，即每輛車每年(nian)耗電量(liang)(liang)約(yue)為(wei)(wei)1800度(du)電。2021年(nian)新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)汽車保有(you)量(liang)(liang)達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)784萬(wan)(wan)(wan)輛，一年(nian)的(de)(de)用(yong)電量(liang)(liang)將(jiang)(jiang)近140億度(du)。預計(ji)到(dao)(dao)2025年(nian)新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)汽車保有(you)量(liang)(liang)達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)4000萬(wan)(wan)(wan)輛，一年(nian)的(de)(de)用(yong)電量(liang)(liang)將(jiang)(jiang)達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)720億度(du)；到(dao)(dao)2030年(nian)新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)汽車保有(you)量(liang)(liang)達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)1億輛，一年(nian)的(de)(de)用(yong)電量(liang)(liang)將(jiang)(jiang)達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)1800億度(du)。電動(dong)汽車充(chong)電價格基本(ben)由“電費+服(fu)(fu)務費”組成，假(jia)(jia)設30%的(de)(de)電量(liang)(liang)通過(guo)(guo)公用(yong)樁(zhuang)完(wan)成，70%的(de)(de)電量(liang)(liang)通過(guo)(guo)私人充(chong)電樁(zhuang)完(wan)成，公用(yong)樁(zhuang)平(ping)均電費為(wei)(wei)0.7元(yuan)，服(fu)(fu)務費為(wei)(wei)0.4—0.8元(yuan)，私人充(chong)電樁(zhuang)電費為(wei)(wei)0.5元(yuan)。2021年(nian)估(gu)算我(wo)國新能源(yuan)汽車充電電費市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)規模(mo)約為(wei)141.3億元，服務費市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)規模(mo)約為(wei)17—34億元。假設電價不發生(sheng)巨大變(bian)化，到2025年(nian)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)規模(mo)將會(hui)擴(kuo)大3倍，電費+服務市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)規模(mo)將突(tu)破460億；到2030年(nian)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)規模(mo)將會(hui)擴(kuo)大10倍，電費+服務市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)規模(mo)將突(tu)破千億。四、充(chong)電樁行(xing)業發(fa)展趨勢
4.1、高壓快充技術推廣將成為解決充電(dian)慢(man)問題
隨著整車(che)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量和(he)續航里程(cheng)提升，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)便利性成為制約提升電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)使用體(ti)驗的(de)(de)一大因素。當前直流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)功(gong)率(lv)較小，25%充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)率(lv)在60kW，120kW和(he)150kW的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)則(ze)占據著30%和(he)32%的(de)(de)份額，僅5%的(de)(de)單(dan)槍功(gong)率(lv)超(chao)過150kW。要使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)體(ti)驗跟加油速度(du)相(xiang)近，12分鐘內對100kWh的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)實(shi)現(xian)30~80%的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，至少(shao)需要250kW的(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)；6分鐘充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)率(lv)至少(shao)得達(da)到480kW。從技(ji)(ji)術(shu)實(shi)現(xian)方式來(lai)看，大功(gong)率(lv)的(de)(de)超(chao)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)有兩條技(ji)(ji)術(shu)路線實(shi)現(xian)：一是大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，二是高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，前者(zhe)(zhe)對熱管理要求高，推(tui)廣(guang)難度(du)大；后者(zhe)(zhe)則(ze)因降(jiang)低(di)能耗(hao)、提高續航、減少(shao)重(zhong)量、節省空間等(deng)優勢，能夠在更寬范圍內實(shi)現(xian)最大功(gong)率(lv)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，以(yi)適配未(wei)(wei)來(lai)的(de)(de)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)需求。因此，以(yi)提升充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為代表的(de)(de)高壓(ya)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)推(tui)廣(guang)成為未(wei)(wei)來(lai)趨勢，保時(shi)捷、現(xian)代、比亞(ya)迪、長城(cheng)等(deng)主機廠(chang)商紛(fen)紛(fen)為未(wei)(wei)來(lai)儲備，推(tui)出(chu)相(xiang)應快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)配套(tao)設(she)施。目前(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)在(zai)400V上(shang)下(xia)，若(ruo)使(shi)用現存標(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量(liang)在(zai)80-100kWh的(de)(de)(de)BEV在(zai)400V架構(gou)(gou)下(xia)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)30%-80%，只能支持最大(da)1C左右(you)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)倍率(lv)，而在(zai)800V架構(gou)(gou)下(xia)可支持2C以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)倍率(lv)。若(ruo)2021年后采用Chaoji充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)，最大(da)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)500A，滿足高端車(che)型4C充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需求，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)也應大(da)于800V。如(ru)果汽車(che)制(zhi)造商配套(tao)800V高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，單位時(shi)間內的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)將是(shi)之前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)3倍、4倍，從而將充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間至少(shao)縮短為原有(you)的(de)(de)(de)25%，實現7.5分鐘充(chong)(chong)滿30%-80%的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。國內車(che)(che)企(qi)多采用高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)方案實現快(kuai)充(chong)，直流快(kuai)充(chong)多以400V平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)車(che)(che)型為主，為了(le)實現超級快(kuai)充(chong)，各車(che)(che)企(qi)紛(fen)紛(fen)推出800V平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)車(che)(che)型。800V成為高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)快(kuai)充(chong)階段性(xing)行業標準，后(hou)續將向上(shang)(shang)演進(jin)到1000-1500V。鑒(jian)于800V高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)可(ke)有效解決補能(neng)焦慮，目前國內大(da)部分整車(che)(che)廠已進(jin)行了(le)相(xiang)關(guan)布(bu)(bu)局(ju)。2021年(nian)比亞迪、吉利(li)、長城(cheng)、小鵬、零跑等相(xiang)繼發(fa)布(bu)(bu)了(le)800V高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)技(ji)術(shu)的布(bu)(bu)局(ju)規(gui)劃(hua)，理想(xiang)、蔚來等車(che)(che)企(qi)也在積(ji)極(ji)籌備相(xiang)關(guan)技(ji)術(shu)。從量產時間看，各大(da)車(che)(che)企(qi)基于800V高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)技(ji)術(shu)方案的新車(che)(che)將在2022年(nian)之(zhi)后(hou)陸續上(shang)(shang)市。當前超級充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)落地難點主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)三(san)個方面，大功率(lv)超充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)帶來熱(re)管(guan)理(li)問題，電(dian)池性能(neng)的(de)(de)適(shi)配，電(dian)網對超充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)承受(shou)能(neng)力。大功率(lv)超充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)電(dian)纜能(neng)夠承受(shou)400-600A大電(dian)流，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)快(kuai)速散熱(re)，研發(fa)難點在(zai)于(yu)熱(re)管(guan)理(li)平衡。在(zai)超級快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)需(xu)求(qiu)推動(dong)下，各企業(ye)紛紛投(tou)入液冷超充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)研究，永(yong)貴電(dian)器(qi)在(zai)液冷超充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)技術(shu)上具備先發(fa)優(you)勢，其液冷超充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)槍已率(lv)先實現商業(ye)化量(liang)產，客戶包(bao)括(kuo)吉利(li)、華為(wei)、理(li)想等。此外，國內開發(fa)出液冷超充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)技術(shu)的(de)(de)企業(ye)包(bao)括(kuo)中航光電(dian)、沃爾核材、日豐股份(fen)、巴(ba)斯巴(ba)等，國外企業(ye)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)菲(fei)尼克(ke)斯、灝(hao)訊、特斯拉等，永(yong)貴電(dian)器(qi)處(chu)于(yu)行業(ye)領先地位。
電(dian)池(chi)性能的(de)適配方面(mian)，寧(ning)德時代(dai)發布(bu)第三代(dai)CTP技(ji)術“麒麟電池(chi)”可(ke)滿足(zu)高壓快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)充，支(zhi)持4C充電，系統集成(cheng)度(du)創全球新高，體積利(li)用率突破72%，能量密度(du)可(ke)達(da)255Wh/kg，可(ke)實現(xian)整車1000公里續航，將(jiang)于2023年(nian)量產上市，預計2023年(nian)適配高壓快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)充的(de)車型將(jiang)越來越多，汽車硬件方面(mian)對高壓快(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)充將(jiang)沒有(you)制約。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)對(dui)(dui)大(da)規模的超(chao)(chao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)承(cheng)載(zai)能(neng)力不足(zu)，現(xian)(xian)階段超(chao)(chao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)只能(neng)作為(wei)(wei)應急(ji)輔助(zhu)(zhu)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式。以(yi)深圳(zhen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)為(wei)(wei)例：根(gen)據(ju)公開信息，2020年，深圳(zhen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的負載(zai)功率平均為(wei)(wei)1600萬(wan)KW，夏(xia)季高(gao)峰時(shi)段最高(gao)可達(da)2000萬(wan)KW。目前一個直流(liu)(liu)快充(chong)(chong)(chong)的功率等級為(wei)(wei)120KW，假設15萬(wan)臺(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)同(tong)時(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，負載(zai)總功率合計為(wei)(wei)1800萬(wan)KW，將大(da)于(yu)(yu)深圳(zhen)現(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)的全部負載(zai)總和，這導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)需要擴容(rong)一倍(bei)才可能(neng)容(rong)納(na)(na)15萬(wan)臺(tai)車(che)(che)。根(gen)據(ju)公開數據(ju)，預計2025年深圳(zhen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)(che)保有(you)(you)量有(you)(you)可能(neng)增至200萬(wan)臺(tai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的容(rong)量遠不足(zu)以(yi)承(cheng)擔這樣的負載(zai)。快充(chong)(chong)(chong)/超(chao)(chao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)+儲(chu)能(neng)的模式有(you)(you)助(zhu)(zhu)于(yu)(yu)減(jian)小對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的壓(ya)力。雙(shuang)向直流(liu)(liu)快充(chong)(chong)(chong)帶有(you)(you)儲(chu)能(neng)結構，其既(ji)可以(yi)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，還可以(yi)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組(zu)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因此能(neng)有(you)(you)效降低對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的沖(chong)擊，增加現(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的接納(na)(na)能(neng)力。同(tong)時(shi)，還可以(yi)掙取峰谷(gu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價收益，實(shi)現(xian)(xian)光伏屋頂等系(xi)統(tong)的接入，優勢明顯。光(guang)(guang)(guang)儲(chu)(chu)充一(yi)體化充電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)核(he)心由三部(bu)分(fen)組成——光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)、儲(chu)(chu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和(he)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)。這三部(bu)分(fen)組成一(yi)個微網，利用(yong)(yong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)，將電(dian)(dian)(dian)量存儲(chu)(chu)在儲(chu)(chu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中，當需要(yao)時(shi)，儲(chu)(chu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)量供(gong)給(gei)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)使用(yong)(yong)，通過光(guang)(guang)(guang)儲(chu)(chu)充系統，太陽(yang)能這種清潔(jie)能源(yuan)就被轉移到(dao)汽車的(de)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中，供(gong)車輛行駛使用(yong)(yong)。2020年11月2日(ri)，國務院辦(ban)公廳印(yin)發《新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源汽車產業發展規劃（2021－2035年）》，其(qi)中明確提出鼓勵“光儲(chu)(chu)充(chong)(chong)放”多(duo)功能(neng)(neng)綜合(he)一體站的建(jian)設(she)。在(zai)此之前，國內(nei)已(yi)經(jing)建(jian)設(she)了多(duo)座(zuo)光儲(chu)(chu)充(chong)(chong)一體化(hua)充(chong)(chong)電站，江蘇、海南、上海、北京(jing)、山東等地的光儲(chu)(chu)充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電樁都已(yi)投(tou)入運(yun)營(ying)(ying)。但(dan)由于成本和(he)運(yun)營(ying)(ying)等問題(ti)，多(duo)為“示范運(yun)營(ying)(ying)”，未進行大(da)面積推廣。
考(kao)慮光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)的(de)波動(dong)及間歇特性，光(guang)儲充一(yi)體電(dian)(dian)站需(xu)匹配適當容(rong)量(liang)的(de)儲能系統（包括儲能變流器和電(dian)(dian)池系統），最大限度利用(yong)分(fen)布式光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)，實現向綠能傾斜(xie)并降低(di)從電(dian)(dian)網購電(dian)(dian)的(de)費用(yong)；光儲(chu)(chu)充一體電站(zhan)根據實(shi)時(shi)電價，制定動態儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)控制計劃，利(li)用儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)在(zai)夜間(jian)電價低(di)谷時(shi)段進行儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)，并在(zai)充電高峰(feng)期間(jian)通(tong)過儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)電站(zhan)與電網(wang)協同供電，利(li)用峰(feng)谷價差(cha)實(shi)現電站(zhan)收(shou)入(ru)最大化(hua)。相關電池廠商(shang)，充電運營商(shang)，充電設備(bei)廠商(shang)均(jun)在積極布局光儲充領域。
V2G，實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網之間的互動，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)網負(fu)荷低時，吸納電(dian)(dian)(dian)能，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)網負(fu)荷高時釋放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能，賺取差價(jia)收益。通過V2G充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)由單一(yi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)拓(tuo)展(zhan)到(dao)以充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)兩種形態(tai)參與電(dian)(dian)(dian)網實時調(diao)控和(he)調(diao)峰輔助服務。V2G技術還(huan)處于示(shi)范運行(xing)階段。今年4月，國(guo)(guo)家電網有限(xian)公司華(hua)北(bei)分(fen)部在(zai)國(guo)(guo)內首次將車網互動(dong)（V2G）充電樁(zhuang)資源正式(shi)(shi)納入華(hua)北(bei)電力調峰輔助服務市場并正式(shi)(shi)結算。預計2026年之(zhi)后V2G技術才會逐步商業化推廣。V2G的經濟(ji)性，現在電(dian)動車續航力能(neng)(neng)達到800公(gong)里，一(yi)天可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)就使用(yong)100公(gong)里，有相(xiang)當一(yi)部(bu)分電(dian)可(ke)(ke)以賣出來，電(dian)池壽(shou)命(ming)8000次充放電(dian)循(xun)環，殘值相(xiang)當于(yu)有5000次（能(neng)(neng)用(yong)10年(nian)以上），一(yi)天賣50度電(dian)，波峰波谷電(dian)價(jia)差1塊(kuai)錢，按(an)照每天搬運(yun)50塊(kuai)錢計算，5000次能(neng)(neng)有25萬(wan)收益(yi)，超過汽車價(jia)值。4.4、新型(xing)充電商業(ye)模(mo)式(shi)——“私樁共(gong)享(xiang)”當前共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)私樁(zhuang)(zhuang)并未真正發展起來。從共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)私樁(zhuang)(zhuang)占(zhan)私人(ren)隨車樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)比重來看，僅有約(yue)6％左右的(de)(de)私樁(zhuang)(zhuang)參與(yu)共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)，私樁(zhuang)(zhuang)共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)的(de)(de)參與(yu)度還比較低。相(xiang)關(guan)部門(men)也在(zai)(zai)積(ji)極協調推進私人(ren)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)建設(she)，北京市城市管理委(wei)員會發布的(de)(de)《關(guan)于加強居住區電(dian)(dian)動汽車充(chong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)施(shi)建設(she)和(he)管理的(de)(de)意見（征求意見稿(gao)）》提(ti)(ti)出，鼓勵充(chong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)施(shi)企業、電(dian)(dian)動汽車企業、第三方平臺企業等(deng)單(dan)位與(yu)自用(yong)(yong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)產權(quan)人(ren)達(da)成(cheng)協議，實現自用(yong)(yong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)利用(yong)(yong)，提(ti)(ti)高資源(yuan)利用(yong)(yong)率。共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)私樁(zhuang)(zhuang)模(mo)式(shi)發展的(de)(de)兩大基(ji)(ji)礎是用(yong)(yong)戶基(ji)(ji)數和(he)硬(ying)件入口。在(zai)(zai)新能源(yuan)汽車保(bao)有量(liang)不斷提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)的(de)(de)背景下(xia)，私人(ren)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)安(an)裝量(liang)不斷提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)。在(zai)(zai)共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)經濟(ji)浪潮下(xia)，“私樁(zhuang)(zhuang)共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)”作(zuo)為新型充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)商業模(mo)式(shi)，將憑(ping)借提(ti)(ti)高充(chong)電(dian)(dian)效率、降(jiang)低生產成(cheng)本、錯(cuo)峰充(chong)電(dian)(dian)緩解電(dian)(dian)容壓力(li)等(deng)優(you)勢成(cheng)為充(chong)電(dian)(dian)基(ji)(ji)礎設(she)施(shi)多方共(gong)(gong)贏的(de)(de)解決方案。目前私樁(zhuang)(zhuang)共(gong)(gong)享(xiang)模(mo)式(shi)還存(cun)在(zai)(zai)諸多缺(que)點和(he)問題(ti)，包(bao)括定價機制不完善、設(she)備(bei)損壞難以歸責等(deng)。
目前僅有(you)少數企(qi)業布局了私樁共享業務，頭部充(chong)(chong)電運(yun)營商特來電、星(xing)星(xing)充(chong)(chong)電和云(yun)快充(chong)(chong)三家(jia)樁企(qi)均有(you)運(yun)營共享私樁。此外，以廣汽(qi)埃安為例的車企也通過(guo)建立(li)汽(qi)車品牌私樁共(gong)享平臺，開(kai)啟(qi)了共(gong)享私樁建設布局。
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